Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are abnormal connections between arteries and veins in the brain and spinal cord. These malformations can disrupt normal blood flow, leading to serious complications like hemorrhage (bleeding) or neurological deficits.
This blog dives into the details of brain and spinal cord AVM/AVF embolization, a minimally invasive treatment option using interventional radiology (IR) techniques.
What are Brain and Spinal Cord AVMs/AVFs?
- AVMs (Arteriovenous Malformations): Tangles of abnormal arteries and veins that create direct connections, bypassing capillaries.
- AVFs (Arteriovenous Fistulas): Abnormal connections between a single artery and vein, also bypassing capillaries.
These malformations can occur anywhere in the brain and spinal cord, but are more common in the spine. They are relatively rare, affecting less than 1% of the population.
Symptoms of Brain and Spinal Cord AVMs/AVFs
Symptoms vary depending on the location and severity of the AVM/AVF. Some common signs include:
- Headaches
- Seizures
- Weakness or numbness in limbs
- Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
- Tingling or pain
- Speech problems
- Vision problems
IR Embolization for Brain and Spinal Cord AVMs/AVFs
Embolization is a minimally invasive procedure used to block blood flow to the AVM/AVF, reducing the risk of bleeding and other complications. Here’s a breakdown of the IR embolization process:
- Preparation: Anesthesia is administered to keep you comfortable during the procedure.
- Catheter Insertion: A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into an artery in the groin. Using X-ray guidance, the doctor navigates the catheter through the bloodstream to the arteries feeding the AVM/AVF.
- Embolization Materials: Tiny particles, coils, or a glue-like substance are delivered through the catheter to block the abnormal blood flow to the AVM/AVF.
- Closure and Recovery: Once embolization is complete, the catheter is removed and the puncture site is closed. You will be monitored for a period of time before being discharged.
Benefits of IR Embolization
- Minimally invasive compared to open surgery
- Reduced recovery time
- Less blood loss
- Potential for outpatient procedure
Who is a Candidate for IR Embolization?
The decision for embolization is made by a team of specialists, including neurosurgeons, neurologists, and interventional radiologists. Factors considered include:
- Location and size of the AVM/AVF
- Patient’s overall health
- Severity of symptoms
Conclusion
Brain and spinal cord AVM/AVF embolization using IR techniques is a safe and effective treatment option for these complex vascular malformations. It offers significant advantages over traditional surgery, promoting faster recovery and minimizing complications. If you have been diagnosed with a brain or spinal cord AVM/AVF, discuss embolization with your doctor to determine if it’s the right treatment approach for you.
